站長資訊網ansible可以使用命令行方式進行自動化管理，基本語法如下：
ansible 主機名 -m 模塊名稱 -a 模塊特有參數
ansible的命令行管理工具都是由一系列模塊、參數所支持的，可以在命令后面加上-h或–help獲取幫助。如使用ansible-doc -h或者ansible-doc –help查看其幫助信息
ansible-doc是用來查看模塊幫助信息的工具，最主要的選項 -l用來列出可使用的模塊， -s用來列出某個模塊的描述信息和使用示例。
以下是我列出yum模塊的描述信息和操作動作：
[root@promote ~]# ansible-doc -s yum
– name: Manages packages with the `yum’ package manager
yum:
allow_downgrade: # Specify if the named package and version is
allowed to
downgrade a maybe
already installed
higher version of
that package.
Note that setting
allow_downgrade=T
rue can make this
module behave in
a non-idempotent
way.
Ansible自帶了很多模塊，能夠下發執行Ansible的各種管理任務。下面我列出一些較為常用的模塊。
1 command模塊
ansible管理工具使用-m選項來指定使用模塊，默認使用command模塊，即-m選項省略時會運行次模塊，用于在被管理主機上運行命令
[root@promote ~]# ansible-doc -s command
– name: Executes a command on a remote node
command:
argv: # Allows the user to provide the command as a list
vs. a string.
Only the string
or the list form
can be provided,
not both. One or
the other must be
provided.
chdir: # Change into this directory before running the
command.
creates: # A filename or (since 2.0) glob pattern. If it
already exists,
this step *won’t*
be run.
ansible-doc -l #列出所有已安裝的模塊 注：按q退出
ansible-doc -s yum #-s列出yum模塊描述信息和操作動作
ansible 192.168.199.130 -m command -a ‘date’ #指定IP執行date
ansible web -m command -a ‘date’ #指定分類執行date
ansible all -m command -a ‘date’ #所有hosts主機執行date
ansible all -a ‘ls /’ #如果不加-m模塊，則默認運行command模塊
下面我在ansible服務器上執行‘date’命令來查看被管理主機的時間：
[root@promote ~]# ansible all -a ‘date’
192.168.199.131 | CHANGED | rc=0 >>
2018年 10月 22日 星期一 22:35:53 CST
192.168.199.130 | CHANGED | rc=0 >>
2018年 10月 22日 星期一 22:35:53 CST
2 cron 模塊
Ansible中的cron模塊用于定義計劃任務。其中兩種狀態（state）：present表示添加（省略狀態時默認使用），absent表示移除
[root@promote ~]# ansible-doc -s cron #查看cron模塊信息
– name: Manage cron.d and crontab entries
cron:
backup: # If set, create a backup of the crontab before it
is modified. The
location of the
backup is
returned in the
`backup_file’
variable by this
module.
……
添加任務計劃：
[root@promote ~]# ansible web -m cron -a ‘minute=”*/1″ job=”/usr/bin/echo hehe” name=”test hehe”‘
192.168.199.130 | SUCCESS => {
“changed”: false,
“envs”: [],
“jobs”: [
“test hehe”
]
}
[root@promote ~]# ansible web -a ‘crontab -l’ #查看web主機的計劃性任務
192.168.199.130 | CHANGED | rc=0 >>
#Ansible: test hehe
*/1 * * * * /usr/bin/echo hehe
移除任務計劃：
[root@promote ~]# ansible web -m cron -a ‘name=”test hehe” state=absent’
192.168.199.130 | CHANGED => {
“changed”: true,
“envs”: [],
“jobs”: []
}
[root@promote ~]# ansible web -a ‘crontab -l’
192.168.199.130 | CHANGED | rc=0 >>
3 user模塊
ansible中的user模塊用于創建新用戶和更改，刪除已存在的用戶，其中name項用來指明創建的用戶名稱
user模塊是請求的是useadd，userdel，usermod三個指令
創建一個名為test01的用戶：
[root@promote ~]# ansible all -m user -a ‘name=test01’
192.168.199.130 | CHANGED => {
“changed”: true,
“comment”: “”,
“create_home”: true,
“group”: 1001,
“home”: “/home/test01”,
“name”: “test01”,
“shell”: “/bin/bash”,
“state”: “present”,
“system”: false,
“uid”: 1001
}
刪除test01用戶：
[root@promote ~]# ansible all -m user -a ‘name=test01 state=absent’
192.168.199.130 | CHANGED => {
“changed”: true,
“force”: false,
“name”: “test01”,
“remove”: false,
“state”: “absent”
}
4 group 模塊
ansible中的group模塊用于對用戶組進行管理
group模塊請求的是groupadd，groupdel,groupmod三個指令
[root@promote ~]# ansible-doc -s group
– name: Add or remove groups
group:
gid: # Optional `GID’ to set for the group.
name: # (required) Name of the group to manage.
state: # Whether the group should be present or not onthe remote host.
system: # If `yes’, indicates that the group created is asystem group.
下面我創建mysql組，將mysql用戶添加到mysql組中
[root@promote ~]# ansible web -m group -a ‘name=mysql gid=306 system=yes’
192.168.199.130 | CHANGED => {
“changed”: true,
“gid”: 306,
“name”: “mysql”,
“state”: “present”,
“system”: true
}
[root@promote ~]# ansible web -m user -a ‘name=mysql uid=306 system=yes group=mysql’
192.168.199.130 | CHANGED => {
“changed”: true,
“comment”: “”,
“create_home”: true,
“group”: 306,
“home”: “/home/mysql”,
“name”: “mysql”,
“shell”: “/bin/bash”,
“state”: “present”,
“system”: true,
“uid”: 306
}
5 copy 模塊
ansible中的copy模塊用于實現文件復制和批量下發文件。其中使用src來定義本地源文件路徑，使用dest定義被管理主機文件路徑，使用content則是通過指定信息內容生成目標文件。
[root@promote ~]# ansible-doc -s copy #查看copy模塊指令
– name: Copies files to remote locations
copy:
attributes: # Attributes the file or directory should have. To get
supported flags look
at the man page for
`chattr’ on the target
system. This string
should contain the
attributes in the same
order as the one
displayed by `lsattr’.
`=’ operator is
assumed as default,
otherwise `+’ or `-‘
operators need to be
included in the
string.
下面我將本地文件/etc/fstab復制到被管理主機上的/opt/fstab.bk，所有者設置為root，權限設置為640
[root@promote ~]# ansible web -m copy -a ‘src=/etc/fstab dest=/opt/fstab.bk owner=root mode=644’
192.168.199.130 | CHANGED => {
“changed”: true,
“checksum”: “a8b8566b1d9f28b55823c8f61f88d35d81014418”,
“dest”: “/opt/fstab.bk”,
“gid”: 0,
“group”: “root”,
“md5sum”: “f25dda38d8c7bb5988c8607bc2a9a17b”,
“mode”: “0644”,
“owner”: “root”,
“secontext”: “system_u:object_r:usr_t:s0”,
“size”: 595,
“src”: “/root/.ansible/tmp/ansible-tmp-1540220785.51-128147354820010/source”,
“state”: “file”,
“uid”: 0
}
[root@web ~]# ll /opt/fstab.bk
-rw-r–r–. 1 root root 595 10月 22 23:06 /opt/fstab.bk
接著我將”hello”寫入“/opt/fstab.bk”
[root@promote ~]# ansible web -m copy -a ‘content=”hello!” dest=/opt/fstab.bk’
192.168.199.130 | CHANGED => {
“changed”: true,
“checksum”: “8f7d88e901a5ad3a05d8cc0de93313fd76028f8c”,
“dest”: “/opt/fstab.bk”,
“gid”: 0,
“group”: “root”,
“md5sum”: “5a8dd3ad0756a93ded72b823b19dd877”,
“mode”: “0644”,
“owner”: “root”,
“secontext”: “system_u:object_r:usr_t:s0”,
“size”: 6,
“src”: “/root/.ansible/tmp/ansible-tmp-1540221051.34-78743719487515/source”,
“state”: “file”,
“uid”: 0
}
[root@web ~]# cat /opt/fstab.bk
hello!
6 file 模塊
在ansible中使用file模塊來設置文件屬性。其中使用path指定文件路徑，使用src定義源文件路徑，使用name或dest來替換創建文件的符號鏈接。
下面我將web服務器中的fstab.bk文件屬主設為mysql，屬組設為mysql，權限設為666
[root@promote ~]# ansible web -m file -a ‘path=/opt/fstab.bk owner=mysql group=mysql mode=666’
192.168.199.130 | CHANGED => {
“changed”: true,
“gid”: 306,
“group”: “mysql”,
“mode”: “0666”,
“owner”: “mysql”,
“path”: “/opt/fstab.bk”,
“secontext”: “system_u:object_r:usr_t:s0”,
“size”: 6,
“state”: “file”,
“uid”: 306
}
[root@web ~]# ll /opt/fstab.bk
-rw-rw-rw-. 1 mysql mysql 6 10月 22 23:10 /opt/fstab.bk
下面我為/opt/fstab.bk/創建一個鏈接文件
[root@promote ~]# ansible web -m file -a ‘src=/opt/fstab.bk path=/opt/fstab.bk.link state=link’
192.168.199.130 | CHANGED => {
“changed”: true,
“dest”: “/opt/fstab.bk.link”,
“gid”: 0,
“group”: “root”,
“mode”: “0777”,
“owner”: “root”,
“secontext”: “unconfined_u:object_r:usr_t:s0”,
“size”: 13,
“src”: “/opt/fstab.bk”,
“state”: “link”,
“uid”: 0
}
[root@web opt]# ll fstab.bk.link
lrwxrwxrwx. 1 root root 13 10月 22 23:23 fstab.bk.link -> /opt/fstab.bk
7 ping 模塊
在ansible中使用ping模塊來檢測指定主機的連通性
[root@promote ~]# ansible all -m ping
192.168.199.130 | SUCCESS => {
“changed”: false,
“ping”: “pong”
}
192.168.199.131 | SUCCESS => {
“changed”: false,
“ping”: “pong”
}
8 yum 模塊
ansible中的yum模塊負責在被管理主機上安裝與卸載軟件包，但是需要提前在每個節點配置自己的yum倉庫。其中name指定要安裝的軟件包，還需要帶上軟件包的版本號，否則安裝最新的軟件包，使用state指定安裝軟件包的狀態，present,latest用來表示安裝，absent表示卸載。
[root@promote ~]# ansible-doc -s yum
– name: Manages packages with the `yum’ package manager
yum:
allow_downgrade: # Specify if the named package and version is allowed
to downgrade a maybe
already installed
higher version of that
package.
在web服務器上安裝httpd服務：
[root@promote ~]# ansible web -m yum -a ‘name=httpd’
192.168.199.130 | CHANGED => {
“ansible_facts”: {
“pkg_mgr”: “yum”
},
“changed”: true,
“msg”: “warning: /var/cache/yum/x86_64/7/base/packages/mailcap-2.1.41-2.el7.noarch.rpm: Header V3 RSA/SHA256 Signature, key ID f4a80eb5: NOKEYnhttp://mirrors.njupt.edu.cn/CentOS/7.5.1804/os/x86_64/Packages/apr-1.4.8-3.el7_4.1.x86_64.rpm: [Errno 14] HTTP Error 302 – FoundnTrying other mirror.nImporting GPG key 0xF4A80EB5:n Userid : “CentOS-7 Key (CentOS 7 Official Signing Key) <security@centos.org>”n Fingerprint: 6341 ab27 53d7 8a78 a7c2 7bb1 24c6 a8a7 f4a8 0eb5n Package : centos-release-7-4.1708.el7.centos.x86_64 (@anaconda)n From : /etc/pki/rpm-gpg/RPM-GPG-KEY-CentOS-7n”,
“rc”: 0,
“results”: [
“Loaded plugins: fastestmirror, langpacksnLoading mirror speeds from cached hostfilen * base: mirrors.njupt.edu.cnn * extras: mirrors.nju.edu.cnn * updates: mirrors.njupt.edu.cnnResolving Dependenciesn–> Running transaction checkn—> Package httpd.x86_64 0:2.4.6-80.el7.centos.1 will be installedn–> Processing Dependency: httpd-tools = 2.4.6-80.el7.centos.1 for package: httpd-2.4.6-80.el7.centos.1.x86_64n–> Processing Dependency: /etc/mime.types for package: httpd-2.4.6-80.el7.centos.1.x86_64n–> Processing Dependency: libaprutil-1.so.0()(64bit) for package: httpd-2.4.6-80.el7.centos.1.x86_64n–> Processing Dependency: libapr-1.so.0()(64bit) for package: httpd-2.4.6-80.el7.centos.1.x86_64n–> Running transaction checkn—> Package apr.x86_64 0:1.4.8-3.el7_4.1 will be installedn—> Package apr-util.x86_64 0:1.5.2-6.el7 will be installedn—> Package httpd-tools.x86_64 0:2.4.6-80.el7.centos.1 will be installedn—> Package mailcap.noarch 0:2.1.41-2.el7 will be installedn–> Finished Dependency ResolutionnnDependencies Resolvednn================================================================================n Package Arch Version Repository Sizen================================================================================nInstalling:n httpd x86_64 2.4.6-80.el7.centos.1 updates 2.7 MnInstalling for dependencies:n apr x86_64 1.4.8-3.el7_4.1 base 103 kn apr-util x86_64 1.5.2-6.el7 base 92 kn httpd-tools x86_64 2.4.6-80.el7.centos.1 updates 90 kn mailcap noarch 2.1.41-2.el7 base 31 knnTransaction Summaryn================================================================================nInstall 1 Package (+4 Dependent packages)nnTotal download size: 3.0 MnInstalled size: 10 MnDownloading packages:nPublic key for mailcap-2.1.41-2.el7.noarch.rpm is not installednPublic key for httpd-tools-2.4.6-80.el7.centos.1.x86_64.rpm is not installedn——————————————————————————–nTotal 143 kB/s | 3.0 MB 00:21 nRetrieving key from file:///etc/pki/rpm-gpg/RPM-GPG-KEY-CentOS-7nRunning transaction checknRunning transaction testnTransaction test succeedednRunning transactionn Installing : apr-1.4.8-3.el7_4.1.x86_64 1/5 n Installing : apr-util-1.5.2-6.el7.x86_64 2/5 n Installing : httpd-tools-2.4.6-80.el7.centos.1.x86_64 3/5 n Installing : mailcap-2.1.41-2.el7.noarch 4/5 n Installing : httpd-2.4.6-80.el7.centos.1.x86_64 5/5 n Verifying : mailcap-2.1.41-2.el7.noarch 1/5 n Verifying : httpd-tools-2.4.6-80.el7.centos.1.x86_64 2/5 n Verifying : apr-util-1.5.2-6.el7.x86_64 3/5 n Verifying : apr-1.4.8-3.el7_4.1.x86_64 4/5 n Verifying : httpd-2.4.6-80.el7.centos.1.x86_64 5/5 nnInstalled:n httpd.x86_64 0:2.4.6-80.el7.centos.1 nnDependency Installed:n apr.x86_64 0:1.4.8-3.el7_4.1 apr-util.x86_64 0:1.5.2-6.el7 n httpd-tools.x86_64 0:2.4.6-80.el7.centos.1 mailcap.noarch 0:2.1.41-2.el7 nnComplete!n”
]
}
[root@web ~]# rpm -q httpd #在web服務器上進行查看
httpd-2.4.6-80.el7.centos.1.x86_64
卸載的命令為ansible web -m yum -a ‘name=httpd state=absent’ 這里為了我下面的實驗就先不卸載了
9 service 模塊
在ansible模塊中使用service模塊來控制管理服務的運行狀態。其中，使用enabled表示是否開機自動啟動，取值為true或者false;使用name定義服務名稱；使用state指定服務狀態，取值分別為start,stopped,restarted.
下面我先查看web服務器上的httpd服務的運行狀態
[root@promote ~]# ansible web -a ‘systemctl status httpd.service’
192.168.199.130 | FAILED | rc=3 >> #可以看到現在httpd服務是關閉狀態
● httpd.service – The Apache HTTP Server
Loaded: loaded (/usr/lib/systemd/system/httpd.service; enabled; vendor preset: disabled)
接著我開啟web服務器上的httpd服務，并設為開機自啟動
[root@promote ~]# ansible web -m service -a ‘enabled=true name=httpd state=started’
192.168.199.130 | SUCCESS => {
“changed”: false,
“enabled”: true,
“name”: “httpd”,
“state”: “started”,
“status”: {
[root@web ~]# systemctl status httpd.service #到web服務器上查看狀態
● httpd.service – The Apache HTTP Server
Loaded: loaded (/usr/lib/systemd/system/httpd.service; enabled; vendor preset: disabled)
Active: active (running) since 一 2018-10-22 23:47:51 CST; 2min 58s ago #可以看到服務為運行狀態
最后我將web服務器的httpd服務進行關閉
[root@promote ~]# ansible web -m service -a ‘name=httpd enabled=true state=stopped’
192.168.199.130 | CHANGED => {
“changed”: true,
“enabled”: true,
“name”: “httpd”,
“state”: “stopped”,
“status”: {
[root@web ~]# systemctl status httpd.service #再次到web服務器進行查看
● httpd.service – The Apache HTTP Server
Loaded: loaded (/usr/lib/systemd/system/httpd.service; enabled; vendor preset: disabled)
Active: inactive (dead) since 一 2018-10-22 23:54:30 CST; 25s ago #可以看到httpd已經關閉
10 shell 模塊
ansible中的shell模塊可以在被管理主機上運行命令，并支持像管道符號等功能的復雜命令。
[root@promote ~]# ansible-doc -s shell
– name: Execute commands in nodes.
shell:
chdir: # cd into this directory before running the command
creates: # a filename, when it already exists, this step will
*not* be run.
executable: # change the shell used to execute the command. Should
be an absolute path to
the executable.
free_form: # (required) The shell module takes a free form command
to run, as a string.
There’s not an actual
option named “free
form”. See the
examples!
removes: # a filename, when it does not exist, this step will
*not* be run.
stdin: # Set the stdin of the command directly to the
specified value.
warn: # if command warnings are on in ansible.cfg, do not
warn about this
particular line if set
to no/false.
下面我創建一個Jerry用戶，并為這個用戶設置密碼：
[root@promote ~]# ansible web -m user -a ‘name=jerry’ #創建Jerry用戶
192.168.199.130 | CHANGED => {
“changed”: true,
“comment”: “”,
“create_home”: true,
“group”: 1001,
“home”: “/home/jerry”,
“name”: “jerry”,
“shell”: “/bin/bash”,
“state”: “present”,
“system”: false,
“uid”: 1001
}
[root@promote ~]# ansible web -m shell -a ‘echo 123456 | passwd –stdin jerry’ #為用戶設置密碼為123456
192.168.199.130 | CHANGED | rc=0 >>
更改用戶 jerry 的密碼 。
passwd：所有的身份驗證令牌已經成功更新。
11 script 模塊
ansible中的script模塊可以將本地腳本復制到被管理主機上進行運行。需要注意的是，使用相對路徑來指定腳本。
[root@promote ~]# vim test.sh
#!/bin/bash
echo “this is test script” > /opt/script.txt
chmod 666 /opt/script.txt #寫一個腳本，表示在/opt/創建一個script.txt文件，權限設為666
[root@promote ~]# chmod +x test.sh
[root@promote ~]# ansible web -m script -a ‘test.sh’
192.168.199.130 | CHANGED => {
“changed”: true,
“rc”: 0,
“stderr”: “Shared connection to 192.168.199.130 closed.rn”,
“stderr_lines”: [
“Shared connection to 192.168.199.130 closed.”
],
“stdout”: “”,
“stdout_lines”: []
}
[root@web ~]# ls -l /opt/script.txt #到web服務器上進行查看
-rw-rw-rw-. 1 root root 20 10月 23 00:07 /opt/script.txt
[root@web ~]# cat /opt/script.txt
this is test script
12 setup 模塊
在ansible中使用setup模塊收集，查看被管理主機的facts（faces是ansible采集被管理主機設備信息的一個功能）。每個被管理主機在接受并運行管理命令之前，都會將自己的相關信息發送給控制主機。
[root@promote ~]# ansible web -m setup #對web服務器進行查看，顯示的信息非常多，這里我只選了一部分
192.168.199.130 | SUCCESS => {
“ansible_facts”: {
“ansible_all_ipv4_addresses”: [
“192.168.122.1”,
“192.168.199.130”
],
“ansible_all_ipv6_addresses”: [
“fe80::a392:f598:b619:50”
],
“ansible_apparmor”: {
“status”: “disabled”
},
“ansible_architecture”: “x86_64”,
“ansible_bios_date”: “05/19/2017”,
“ansible_bios_version”: “6.00”,
“ansible_cmdline”: {
“BOOT_IMAGE”: “/boot/vmlinuz-3.10.0-693.el7.x86_64”,
“LANG”: “zh_CN.UTF-8”,
“crashkernel”: “auto”,
“quiet”: true,
“rhgb”: true,
“ro”: true,
“root”: “UUID=1eead85f-d0ea-464e-b163-f9c7475dbf65”
},
………..
